Companies halted hiring graduates for permanent employment, rolled back bonuses, incentivized senior employees to retire, and created a strong policy of hiring temporary staff for more flexibility and company savings with over a third of the workforce moving onto contractual work. The almost two decade recession urged companies to change their workforce policies to stay relevant in the global market. The increase of Freeters in the 1990s and 2000s is associated with the subsequent rapid changes that the nation has undergone since the bursting of the economic bubble at the beginning of the 1990s and the increasing neoliberalization of the economy. 4 Freeters in popular culture and mass media.3.1 Difficulties starting their own household.In the 1990s and 2000s, the term switched to a negative connotation and Freeters were seen as burdens on society. In the 1980s, the term was seen in a positive light signifying the freedom to explore other alternative options for employment for fun when the economy in Japan was prosperous with many different job opportunities. The meaning of the term switched connotations from positive to negative after the economic bubble of the Japanese economy broke resulting in a recession in the 1990s.
This term was coined by part-time job magazine From A editor Michishita Hiroshi in 1987 and was used to depict a "free" worker that worked less hours, earned pay hourly instead of a monthly paycheck like regular full time workers, and received none of the benefits of a regular full time worker (holiday pay, sick pay, bonus pay, paid leave). As German (along with English) was used in Japanese universities before World War II, especially for science and medicine, arubaito became common among students to describe part-time work for university students.
Arubaito is a Japanese loanword from Arbeiter, and perhaps from Arbeit ("work"). The word freeter or freeta is thought to be a portmanteau of the English word free (or perhaps freelance) and the German word Arbeiter ("labourer"). These people do not start a career after high school or university, but instead earn money from low-paid jobs. įreeters may also be described as underemployed. Freeter ( フリーター, furītā) is a Japanese expression for people who lack full-time employment or are unemployed, excluding housewives and students.
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